8thScience Fall Midterm Review Sheet

Comprehend the structure of molecules, including masses, electrical charges, and areas of protons, neutrons, and electrons.9790588235297>To locate the quantity of neutrons in a particle, deduct the nuclear mass (adjusted to the closest entire number) less the nuclear (number of protons). Nuclear mass= nuclear number (protons) + neutronsKnow that protons decide an element’s personality and valence electrons decide its concoction properties, including reactivity.Know the distinction between and have the option to recognize components and compounds.Be ready to analyze metals, nonmetals and metalloids. Distinguish that every natural compound contain carbon. Decipher the course of action of the Periodic Table.GROUPeriodKnow that components inside a similar gathering (family) have comparable properties.Know the quantity of valence electrons for bunches 1, 2, and 13 †18.Be ready to decide the quantity of iotas of every component in synthetic recipes containing subscripts.Know the confirmations of a chem ical response. Ex.- shading change, bubbles or effervescing, encourage is framed, new substance is shaped, smoke or fire, and sudden temperature change. The main sure approach to know whether a synthetic change happened is if another substance was shaped. Perceive whether a synthetic condition containing coefficients is adjusted or not and how that identifies with the law of preservation of mass.The law of protection of mass expresses that during a concoction response, matter isn't made or wrecked.

The lottery winner Essay Example For Students

The lottery victor Essay The book begins in Manhattan, New York in current occasions. The book for the most part happens in New York city however all through the book they additionally travel to London, England, cypress point spa, and a few different spots. The book finishes back in Manhattan, New York. Alvirah Meehan is a previous house cleaner that is close to her sixties and has left her place of employment after her and her better half became super wealthy in the triumphant of the lottery. Alvirah began checking out helping individuals with murders and different issues that she stumbled into while traversing the world. After she had won the lottery the New York Globe news paper had gotten some information about every last bit of her various undertakings. We will compose a custom article on The lottery victor explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Willy Meehan is around his sixties, he has blue eyes with white hair. Willy is a previous handyman who quit his place of employment subsequent to wining the lottery with his significant other Alvirah. Willy appreciates making a trip with Alvirah to all the better places. He is extremely steady and help full to Alvirah to her greatest advantage of helping other people with there wrongdoings. He likewise appreciates helping poor people or simply those individuals that cant bear to employ a handyman so he portion the activity for nothing. Brian who is some place around his twenties, he is a best in class well known play essayist. Brian is the nephew of Willy. Brian is first presented in the primary story called The body in the closet.He was remaining at the loft of Willy and Alvirah were a body was found in there storage room at there come back from that point excursion to England. He turns into the fundamental suspespect in the homicide since he was the last be in the loft. This was not something beneficial for Brian in light of the fact that his profession was simply taking off with all the extraordinary plays he was composing. Brian turns out to be extremely fortunate with the assistance of Alvirah as they demonstrate his blamelessness. Brian then had the option to backpedal on with is works of the plays. Cynthia Lathem was seen as liable for the homicide of her dad in the second story.It all happened when she was in her lesser year of the Rhode Island School of Design when her progression father Stuart Richards was discovered shot to death in the investigation of his chateau. Cynthia went through 12 years in jail for the homicide. She invested the energy thinking and asking herself who could have set me up. Cynthia realized that she was blameless and that is the point at which she meet Alvirah who was the response to every one of her issues since she was going to help demonstrate her guiltlessness. Cynthia demonstrated her honesty and afterward proceeded to wed and make a mind-blowing most. Rhonda Alvirez the victor of 6,000,000 dollars. She was last cheated out of the cash by her significant other when he traded the ticket with a ticket purchased by the woman he had thought he began to look all starry eyed at. A woman that he had been having an illicit relationship with. His aims where to escape with her, yet things turned crazy and he was murdered. Rhonda then turned into the primary suspect in the homicide just to compound the situation in her life. Be that as it may, by and by Alvirah was to the salvage she meet her and Alvirah started to take over by experiencing her wrongdoing illuminating methods. With the assistance of Alvirah Rhonda was seen not as liable and got the 6,000,000 dollars that was so legitimately hers. The book begins with Alvirah and willy coming back from their outing from England soon after they became quite wealthy in the lottery. Alvirah looks into fathoming wrongdoings and murders so at each excursion she winds up in getting herself into who knows what managing wrongdoing. She helps numerous individuals all through the book where it finishes back in New York where she unravels her last wrongdoing. .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f , .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f .postImageUrl , .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f , .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f:hover , .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f:visited , .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f:active { border:0!important; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f:active , .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c0 3714847ff250f .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u84a982eb358ff5f91c03714847ff250f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Application Stuff: EssayThe subject of the book was that Alvirah by they way she won the lottery and wound up to be awesome at wrongdoing illuminating as she ventures to the far corners of the planet helping individuals just as in her old neighborhood Manhattan, New York. She needed to be separated of everything regardless of how much mischief it would bring to herself. There was at any rate one time in the book where she nearly had her own life taken by someone else while attempting to help comprehend a wrongdoing. I believe that Alvirah learns in this book she could have been much preferred investigator over only a housekeeper. The book was fascinating. It was in every case hard to track down a spot to stop perusing. The book was sensational continually leaving you to think about what could conceivable occur straightaway. I was consistently on the edge of my seat pausing and considering what might occur straightaway. I would prescribe the book to anybody that appreciates perusing thrilling books. Bibliography:Authors Biography:Mary was brought up in New York. She is of Irish plummet who thinks of her as Irish legacy a significant impact on her composition. Marys father passed on when she was only Ten years of age leaving her mother to raise her and her and her two siblings. After she graduated she went on to secretarial school so she could find a new line of work to assist her with mothering with family life partners. She proceeded to wed a neighbor who she had known since she was 16 years of age. Afterwards her better half passed on leaving her to bring up there five youngsters. Not long after she turned out to be progressively known before she turned into the author she is today.Who we allude to as the AMERICAS QUEEN OF SUSPENSE. Creators Biography:Mary was brought up in New York. She is of Irish plunge who thinks of her as Irish legacy a significant impact on her composition. Marys father passed on when she was only Ten years of age leaving her mother to raise her and her and her two siblings. After she graduated she went on to secretarial school so she could find a new line of work to assist her with mothering with family life partners. She proceeded to wed a neighbor who she had known since she was 16 years of age. Afterward her better half kicked the bucket leaving her to bring up there five youngsters. Not long after she turned out to be increasingly known before she turned into the essayist she is today.Who we allude to as the AMERICAS QUEEN OF SUSPENSE.

Coca-Cola Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis Essay

Coca-Cola Internal Analysis and SWOT Analysis - Essay Example Normally this implies the associations must build up their inner capacities to the degree that they will be hard for contenders to copy or substitute. This paper leads an inside examination of the Coca-Cola Company so as to depict those assets and abilities from which it determines its quality just as those skills that it either needs or ineffectively executes and as such are its significant shortcomings that contenders could misuse. The paper starts with an assessment of Coca-Cola’s unmistakable and elusive assets that lead to its qualities at that point utilizes the worth chain investigation to bring out and afterward examine the company’s shortcomings. Examination Resource and competency investigation According to Henry (2011) though the presence of assets is significant, without anyone else they don't give any advantages to the association. It is the means by which proficiently these assets are arranged that furnishes the association with capabilities that permit the association to accomplish upper hand. ... organization ready to mix fixings into the one of a kind Coke equation X - Ability to persistently concoct new items as well as grow product offerings - Managing the world’s biggest drink dispersion framework (Coca-Cola, 2012) additionally compelling in diversifying - Enterprise Value: US$ 173.46 billion (Yahoo! Money, 2012) - Current Ratio over 1 from 2009 to 2011 (EBIT Financial, 2012). - Return on Equity, Operating edge and Net edges have been twofold digits since 2007 (EBIT Financial, 2012) Financial - Has the assets for R&D, showcase improvement, advertise development, etc. - Company’s effective in turning its item to money - Ability to reliably convey benefits consoles speculators and different providers of budgetary capital - 146,200 representatives Human - Also has a solid assorted variety and consideration approach that improves its ability pool - Holds mystery recipe X Intellectual/innovative - Own and advertise four of the world’s top five nonalcoholic shimmering refreshment brands: Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite. Intangibles - Intelligently abused the riddle of Coke’s recipe X for showcase situating - Renown for predominant publicizing and other market advancement strategies From the table over three key qualities develop. Right off the bat, Coca-Cola has an astounding worldwide nearness. This empowers the organization to use its economies of scale to debilitate the intensity of its providers just as its clients. Additionally, this worldwide nearness suggests that the organization can adjust its presentation in moderate financial districts with that from blasting monetary areas to continue its gainfulness. Furthermore, the company’s sound money related position in any event, during the worldwide downturn gives it a decent FICO assessment. This implies the organization can without much of a stretch raise extra capital for different key

Get Admission Essay Helps Online

Get Admission Essay Helps OnlineTo secure a college education in the University of Florida or any other university, admission essays are one of the most important components to get into school. A student who is highly motivated and intelligent will do the necessary research to understand the guidelines and rules of the university to ensure that he has a strong chance to get accepted. The admission process of the university takes a lot of time so the student should be really enthusiastic about getting accepted.While you will need to write the admissions essay for a particular university, you will be required to write the entrance essay to go for a certain degree program. In fact, your essay should be unique, interesting and educational. The admissions essay samples for Florida are a wonderful help to you to produce high quality essays which will show great academic writing skills. As an academic writer, writing an admission essay for a university is not that easy task.If you are not c onfident enough to produce a powerful and effective entrance essay for a specific university, you can always find university of Florida admission essay samples online where you can use as your references to write your admission essay. You can also look for excellent university essays and find solutions to those essays. There are some tips for writing a very good admission essay for a university:First, determine what is the subject matter of your admission essay. A lot of universities use the same subject matter for their admissions essays and this is an important factor for a student to remember. Once you know the subject matter of your admission essay, you will be able to write the admission essay. The essay needs to be able to explain your interest, talents and characteristics to impress your professors and make you stand out among the other students in the class.Second, write the essay in a concise and clear manner. You will have to offer all the necessary details and facts regar ding your qualifications and abilities. Even if you are not interested in the particular subject of your admission essay, you should still give ample information to your readers so that they will be able to grasp the full essence of your essay. Writing a great essay requires great expertise and know-how. You need to stay in tune with the standards of the school so that you will be able to produce your best essay.Third, when writing your essay, you must be thinking about the future in mind. The admissions process in schools is all about providing a stable future for students. The more you focus on the past and forget about the future, the easier it is for you to fall off the right track. Focus on the future and give adequate attention to the details you need to include to achieve a certain goal.There are many universities of Florida and as a student, you must never forget to stay updated about the changes and progress of the school to give yourself the best opportunity of achieving y our goal. Remember that it is the students who decide the success of their dreams and so let them be a major part of your dream!

Is Resorting Our Youth - 1260 Words

Henry Maldonado 12/8/15 Criminology 262L Professor Zaykowski Resorting Our Youth Everyone is susceptible to crime, there is not one person living who has not committed a crime whether it is intentionally or not. From the very minor crimes like drinking under age; to much more serious crimes like murder people are guilty of it. Age plays a major role in all of this, the older you are the less likely you are to commit a crime; but the younger you are; say mid teens to young adulthood, the more likely it is that one is to commit a crime. But for those who get into the life of crime at an earlier age the easier it is to help save them. At a younger age young adults commit less serious crimes, such as drinking under age, trespassing, theft,†¦show more content†¦Restorative justice is a way to view crime in a positive way, viewing it as a way to help those who offend and those who are affected. By punishing an offender immediately no matter the crime committed they are stigmatized instantly by society, their peers, family and possibly even themselves. The negative stigmatization slowly but surely removes them from society as they are seen as people who do not belong and people who break the rules. Restorative justice helps because they are not stigmatized and punished immediately and by not doing so, and instead helping and guiding them, on what will happen, how to re enter society and having the people who were affected by their actions express their experience and feelings the offender will see the error of his or her ways. Restorative justice goes a lot further than just punishing the offender, according to the article, â€Å"Restorative Discipline: From Getting Even to Getting Well†, Judy Hostetler Mullet (2014) states, â€Å"By focusing on the harm done to relationships, restorative justice practitioners view discipline as an opportunity to understand the rational nature of misbehavior, mend relationships and make restitution† (p.157). Other practices immediately punish an offender. Especially in sc hool if a student acts out in class or does something they are not suppose to do what happens? They are immediately sent to the principles office and either

The Ap Photo By Jeff Chiu - 975 Words

Suspicion that a black person will always have the wrong intention and have a malicious plan when walking around a neighborhood, or whatever the case might be, is unjust and based on prejudice. As more of our black sisters and black brother’s lives are being taken away, the public begins to take this issue more seriously attemting to prevent from any more lives to be taken away by the police force, which is meant to keep us out of harm’s way and make us feel safe. Black lives matter is no longer maintained as a popular hashtag in the media, but it comes to live as a movement. Police brutality creates a black lives matter movement where our society unites to protest, regardless of economic status, religion, race, or sex. The AP photo by Jeff Chiu uses pathos to fully persuade the idea that black lives matter and that as a community we must all support each other, especially in times of need, in order to make a difference. The photograph shows students who appear to be i n college due to the fact that the majority have backpacks. Additionally, there are men and women, both protesting by holding up their hands or posters with messages related to the unjust police killing of Eric Garner, who was killed by policemen. They didn’t care about Garner’s pleas due to his asthma; he died and his last words were â€Å"I can’t breathe.† Therefore, these groups of people of different races and religion have decided to speak up in the place of those who wasted their last breath resisting policeShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesaddition, the following material is substantially revised and updated: †¢ Case Incident (those not entirely new are revised and updated) †¢ OB Poll (more than half are new to this edition) †¢ Ethical Dilemma (more than half are new to this edition) †¢ Photos/captions (more th an half are new to this edition) New feature: glOBalization!, which features organizational behavior in an international context. Improved integration of global implications: With the explosion of international research, global OBRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages Special thanks are also due to Susan Schor, Joseph Seltzer, and James Smither for writing the SSS Software In-Basket Exercise. Our long-time collaboration with Sue Campbell-Clark has been particularly fruitful and we anticipate that our work with Jeff Thompson, Brigham Young University, will be equally energizing. We would especially like to thank Kim Norbuta, Claudia Fernandes, Kelly Warsak, and Judy Leale of Prentice Hall; and Sharon Anderson of BookMasters for her expert assistance with this

Encountering Conflict free essay sample

Encountering Conflict Conflict can both crush people and inspire people to greater heights. Conflict presents itself in various forms; it can occur in different places, can be intentional or unexpected and affect people in diverse ways. To survive people then need to develop coping mechanisms to overcome or at least begin their Journey of recovery. If they cannot do this, then they will not be able to move on. Conflict is a subject that everyone in the world faces on a day to day basis, but at different levels and emotions. Conflict can be exceptionally heart wrenching, by tearing people and amilies apart. But these wounds motivate many inspiring people who then make a difference. Conflict is a part of life; it cannot be avoided or put on hold. People from all around the world deal with conflict, in various ways and it affects people to a different extent. Throughout life, people may experience many conflicting situations, some are built by little ongoing problems, some explode and are left to dissolve, others are blown apart the pieces scattered, never to be put back together again. Conflict has been exposed and expressed in many films, novels and songs over the ears. The documentary Omagh by Pete Travis is an example of the devastation that conflict can wreck on lives. The film explains how conflict can affect innocent lives. For hundreds of years there has been tension between the Catholic Irish and Protestant English. This began as Ireland divided as a country due to religion but the tension increased with British interference in Northern Ireland. The documentary focuses on one specific event within the conflict which was the bombing in the Omagh high street. This caused 29 deaths and 220 injuries, of innocent people. The result left amilies crushed, broken hearted and dealing with their own conflict for a long time. The root of this devastation was religion; the Catholic Irish and Protestant English have fought for many years. Ironically the purpose of religion is to create peace, where as in Omagh it was the primary cause and branch of all the conflict. A very similar ongoing religious conflict is the fight for homeland between the Jewish and Zions (Israel and Palestinians conflict). The Jewish were sent from Israeli homelands many hundreds of years ago, but since have suffered persecution in Europe and now ish to return to their religious homeland of Israel. This however has been met with aggression by Palestinians and the Arab nations who now inhabit the area. Like the tension in Northern Ireland, peace is a long and painful patch to find. Conflict that has dwelled upon innocent lives has an impact on others who believe it should be brought to Justice. 1. 2 the Irish band wrote a song to express their feelings of their anger in response to the devastation in Omagh. One verse that stands out is: And the battles Just begun Theres many lost, but tell me who has won The trench is dug within our hearts And mothers, children, brothers, sisters torn apart. This particular verse links with the concept that conflict can devastate innocent people and their families, which are then being torn apart by the religion and also politicians in Omagh they did nothing. Thus people, like 132, stand up so hopefully the politicians can see that the conflict that has happened is still wounding many people lives, and that only they can bring it to Justice. So, conflict is a piece of everyones lives, even though you may shun conflict, it can come up unexpectedly. Omagh is an example of how conflict can be unexpected and totally crush lives. Conflict can also inspire people to create better lives for themselves and those around them. Kate Miller-Heidke wrote the song Caught in Crowd about a real story of lingering childhood regret. She wanted to raise awareness to people across the world, especially adolescents, of how bullying and peer pressure are causes of conflict. The song is about a relationship growing between a teenage girl and an outcast boy who is often bullied. It discusses how both had similarities, for example they both dealt ith conflict at home. Towards the end it talks about the boy getting thrown to the ground and him shouting out to her to help him. But she turned her back, and Just walked away. Kate Miller-Heidke encountered conflict and regrets the decision she made. Now she is motivated to make sure people of the younger generation do not make the same decision she made. Like Kate Miller- Heidke, Michael Gallagher, the father of Aidan Gallagher who was killed in the Omagh bombing wanted create a more satisfying life for himself, but also wanted to raise awareness that murders ere not being brought to Justice. He set up an Omagh Support and Self Help Group, which since 1998 have not stopped their fght. They have protested outside IRA meetings, written to the English Prime Minister and have talked to numerous newspapers but nothing has happened in relation towards the terrorist. In 2002, Michael Gallagher stated what happened in Omagh is still capable of happening in other towns. Because of him he has taught the world many lessons; the most important is never to give up on a Just cause Traumatic conflict can motivate people o immense heights, which can make an inspiring difference to our world today. Like Michael Gallagher, Glen McGrath lost a loved one and has not stopped fighting for what he believes in since his personal conflict. His wife, Jane was diagnosed with breast cancer. Jane McGrath had a passionate belief that every woman diagnosed with breast cancer in Australia should be able to benefit from the support of a specialist breast care nurse. Therefore, together they started up the McGrath Foundation in 2002. An additional aim of the project was to increase the awareness f breast cancer in younger women. Jane passed away at the age of 41 . Glen McGrath is more determined and devoted to the McGrath foundation by the inspiration of his loving wife. This proves that conflict can really touch people which motivates them to make a change, encouraging them to greater heights. These people have so much strength, their experiences power them on. Encountering painful conflict can bring out the best in people such as the old saying What doesnt kill us makes us stronger suggests people acknowledge they ave made a difference in the world and become satisfied. This is the beginning to the start of their Journey to recovery or acceptance. In the movie Omagh, Michael Gallagher, his wife and two daughters have not stopped fghting for the loss of their son, who was killed in the bombing. This tragedy caused conflict between the family, but they have learnt that they need to stick together to succeed their mission of family close, them standing up for what they believe in has helped them start their journey of recovery with each other. Another inspiration for making something out of terrible situation is in the novel Triage by Scott Anderson, the character Joaquin Morales managed to escape his village that was invaded. Joaquin lost his family dealing with the conflict of losing his family and survivors guilt. Joaquin become a psychologist for war criminals, hoping to change them and make them realise what monstrosities they caused. This would save many lives and hopefully bring peace to Spain. This experience helped Joaquin to begin his Journey of acceptance of what had happen to him. Joaquin quoted Im still here. Im still smiling meaning that he has learnt to live with himself after encountering conflict, which motivated him in saving many lives. Conflict is a subject that everyone in the world deals with everyday, from light issues to vigorous intensities. Conflict is incredibly powerful, it can tear people apart but it also brings the best out of many inspirational humans. Conflict can motivate people to extreme lengths which can make a huge difference in the world. These differences also help the individual to deal and maybe even overcome their own conflict.

Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar Essay Example

Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar Essay Write note on the use of Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar Or, What part does the Supernatural play in Julius Caesar? Undoubtedly, the first name in English literature is that of an Elizabethan poet and dramatist? William Shakespeare? whose skill in transforming human character and action into art created a world of unforgettable people, phrases and incredible situations. He is considered to be the master of human psychology and employs several agencies to heighten the dramatic actions in his plays. The supernatural elements and superstitions in ‘Julius Caesar’ have been introduced to reflect the prevailing social beliefs and taboos, and to cater to the crude taste of the groundlings. The people living in the age of Shakespeare believed in black magic and supernatural appearances. They believed that the ghost, witches and fairies actively interfered in human affairs and controlled the destiny and actions of man. This belief was shared by even the most learned man of 16th century. The dramatist has made use of this belief in his plays for a dramatic purpose and with miraculous results. The introduction of the supernatural in his plays adds an element of mystery and deeper moral significance to the drama. It stands as a symbol of mysterious relationship existing between the world of matter and the world of spirit. He has very successfully employed it in his many plays. The supernatural machinery plays an important role in the plays like ‘Hamlet’, ‘Macbeth’, ‘Cymbeline’ and does it most effectively in ‘Julius Caesar’. In ‘Macbeth’, it intensifies human action. In this play the supernatural agency does not originate any course of action. We will write a custom essay sample on Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It quickens the impulse which is already in the mind of the hero? Macbeth. But in ‘Julius Caesar’, the ghost of Caesar gives a definite shape and intensifies some elements always present in the mind of Brutus. It intensifies the sense of failure present in Brutus’s mind and urges him a step forward towards his doom. The ‘ghost of Caesar’ has evoked considerable interest among the Shakespearean critics. They are of the view that the ‘ghost of Caesar’ is subjective rather than objective. It is the fear-haunted and anguished mind of Brutus. The ghost did not appear objectively. They prove their contention on the basis of the argument that none except Brutus saw the ghost of Caesar. The ghost was a mere creation of the troubled mind of Brutus is proved by the speech of Brutus himself when he says: â€Å"Now I have taken heart, thou vanished. † Hudson cites this line as an evidence of the contention that the ‘ghost’ is subjective. Caesar’s ghost has also a symbolical significance. It symbolizes the vast posthumous power of the great dictator. The living Caesar dominates the 1st part of the play. The angry and revengeful spirit of Caesar dominates the later part of the drama. So the unity of the play is achieved through the supernatural machinery? the introduction of the ghost of Caesar. Another example of the use of supernatural in the play is the storm, tempest and the unnatural portents preceding the murder of Julius Caesar. The storm too stands as a symbol of the political and psychological turmoil of Rome and in the mind of the conspirators. The tempest dropping fire, the common slave with his flaming hand, the surly lion, the owl hooting in the marketplace during daytime, the sacrificial beasts lacking a heart? all these supernatural factors are clubbed together as a â€Å"preface to the catastrophe of the Ides†. One can very well notice apprehensions of the bad omen in the mind of Caesar’s wife: These ill-omens pre-occupy the mind of Calphurnia and she asks her husband not to go â€Å"A lioness hath whelped in the streets, And graves have yawned and yielded up their dead. Fierce fiery warriors fought upon the clouds In ranks and squadrons and right form of war, Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol. The noise of battle hurtled in the air. Horses did neigh, and dying men did groan, And ghosts did shriek and squeal about the streets. O Caesar! These things are beyond all use, And I do fear them. † to the Senate. Her reason is: â€Å"When beggars die there are no comets seen. The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of King. † But Caesar is misguided by Decius and goes to the Senate to meet his doom ‘on the Ides of March’. Soothsayer’s warning is of no use for Caesar. Even in the battlefield, the ghost of Caesar appears in Brutus’s tent at the dead of the night and says it would meet him again in the battlefield. Next day when Brutus is engaged in bloody fight, it reappears and hastens the doom of Brutus. Not only this. The prevailing superstitions are also used by the dramatist to intensify the dramatic effect. Prophecy is the part of Roman people. The warnings given by Soothsayer and Artimideorous which suggest supernatural intervention in human affairs are highly ignored by Caesar. He dismisses it by saying: â€Å"He is a dreamer; let us leave him: pass† But these words rebound on the speaker with catastrophic effect and the audience is thrilled by its dramatic irony. Even Caesar is not above superstitions. He makes his wife stand in the course of the race so that Antony might touch her while on the run. The superstition was that, touched in that manner, the barren mother would cast off her barrenness. Believing in dreams is another instance of the prevailing superstition of the age. Calphurnia’s dream of the statue of Caesar spouting blood and the Romans washing their hands with it has been very symbolically treated in the play. The dream suggests the premonition. It prepares the mind of the audience for the oncoming murder of Julius Caesar. Similarly, dinner with a dead man was ominous. Cinna did have it and the day proved fatal for him. Thus we see supernatural elements and superstitions play very important roles in the life of a man. The dramatist has shown this contemporary belief very, very successfully in Julius Caesar with his deft artistic touches. Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar Essay Example Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar Paper Write note on the use of Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar Or, What part does the Supernatural play in Julius Caesar? Undoubtedly, the first name in English literature is that of an Elizabethan poet and dramatist? William Shakespeare? whose skill in transforming human character and action into art created a world of unforgettable people, phrases and incredible situations. He is considered to be the master of human psychology and employs several agencies to heighten the dramatic actions in his plays. The supernatural elements and superstitions in ‘Julius Caesar’ have been introduced to reflect the prevailing social beliefs and taboos, and to cater to the crude taste of the groundlings. The people living in the age of Shakespeare believed in black magic and supernatural appearances. They believed that the ghost, witches and fairies actively interfered in human affairs and controlled the destiny and actions of man. This belief was shared by even the most learned man of 16th century. The dramatist has made use of this belief in his plays for a dramatic purpose and with miraculous results. The introduction of the supernatural in his plays adds an element of mystery and deeper moral significance to the drama. It stands as a symbol of mysterious relationship existing between the world of matter and the world of spirit. He has very successfully employed it in his many plays. The supernatural machinery plays an important role in the plays like ‘Hamlet’, ‘Macbeth’, ‘Cymbeline’ and does it most effectively in ‘Julius Caesar’. In ‘Macbeth’, it intensifies human action. In this play the supernatural agency does not originate any course of action. We will write a custom essay sample on Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Supernatural Elements in Julius Caesar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It quickens the impulse which is already in the mind of the hero? Macbeth. But in ‘Julius Caesar’, the ghost of Caesar gives a definite shape and intensifies some elements always present in the mind of Brutus. It intensifies the sense of failure present in Brutus’s mind and urges him a step forward towards his doom. The ‘ghost of Caesar’ has evoked considerable interest among the Shakespearean critics. They are of the view that the ‘ghost of Caesar’ is subjective rather than objective. It is the fear-haunted and anguished mind of Brutus. The ghost did not appear objectively. They prove their contention on the basis of the argument that none except Brutus saw the ghost of Caesar. The ghost was a mere creation of the troubled mind of Brutus is proved by the speech of Brutus himself when he says: â€Å"Now I have taken heart, thou vanished. † Hudson cites this line as an evidence of the contention that the ‘ghost’ is subjective. Caesar’s ghost has also a symbolical significance. It symbolizes the vast posthumous power of the great dictator. The living Caesar dominates the 1st part of the play. The angry and revengeful spirit of Caesar dominates the later part of the drama. So the unity of the play is achieved through the supernatural machinery? the introduction of the ghost of Caesar. Another example of the use of supernatural in the play is the storm, tempest and the unnatural portents preceding the murder of Julius Caesar. The storm too stands as a symbol of the political and psychological turmoil of Rome and in the mind of the conspirators. The tempest dropping fire, the common slave with his flaming hand, the surly lion, the owl hooting in the marketplace during daytime, the sacrificial beasts lacking a heart? all these supernatural factors are clubbed together as a â€Å"preface to the catastrophe of the Ides†. One can very well notice apprehensions of the bad omen in the mind of Caesar’s wife: These ill-omens pre-occupy the mind of Calphurnia and she asks her husband not to go â€Å"A lioness hath whelped in the streets, And graves have yawned and yielded up their dead. Fierce fiery warriors fought upon the clouds In ranks and squadrons and right form of war, Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol. The noise of battle hurtled in the air. Horses did neigh, and dying men did groan, And ghosts did shriek and squeal about the streets. O Caesar! These things are beyond all use, And I do fear them. † to the Senate. Her reason is: â€Å"When beggars die there are no comets seen. The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of King. † But Caesar is misguided by Decius and goes to the Senate to meet his doom ‘on the Ides of March’. Soothsayer’s warning is of no use for Caesar. Even in the battlefield, the ghost of Caesar appears in Brutus’s tent at the dead of the night and says it would meet him again in the battlefield. Next day when Brutus is engaged in bloody fight, it reappears and hastens the doom of Brutus. Not only this. The prevailing superstitions are also used by the dramatist to intensify the dramatic effect. Prophecy is the part of Roman people. The warnings given by Soothsayer and Artimideorous which suggest supernatural intervention in human affairs are highly ignored by Caesar. He dismisses it by saying: â€Å"He is a dreamer; let us leave him: pass† But these words rebound on the speaker with catastrophic effect and the audience is thrilled by its dramatic irony. Even Caesar is not above superstitions. He makes his wife stand in the course of the race so that Antony might touch her while on the run. The superstition was that, touched in that manner, the barren mother would cast off her barrenness. Believing in dreams is another instance of the prevailing superstition of the age. Calphurnia’s dream of the statue of Caesar spouting blood and the Romans washing their hands with it has been very symbolically treated in the play. The dream suggests the premonition. It prepares the mind of the audience for the oncoming murder of Julius Caesar. Similarly, dinner with a dead man was ominous. Cinna did have it and the day proved fatal for him. Thus we see supernatural elements and superstitions play very important roles in the life of a man. The dramatist has shown this contemporary belief very, very successfully in Julius Caesar with his deft artistic touches.

Push And Pull Factor In Tourism Tourism Essay Essays

Push And Pull Factor In Tourism Tourism Essay Essays Push And Pull Factor In Tourism Tourism Essay Paper Push And Pull Factor In Tourism Tourism Essay Paper Push / Pull factor in Tourism Introduction Modern touristry has become one of the strongest and most singular phenomena of the clip. To detect its true nature, one must try to understand how the assorted constituents are connected to each other, and what are the causes and effects, the speculations and the worlds. One must first hold on the workings of the mechanism before he can find the agencies of commanding, altering, and bettering it. But the connexions are discernable if one limits himself to a narrow, sector-based position ( Krippendorf, 1987 ) . The greatest ground for travel can be summed up in one work, â€Å"Escape† , flight from the dull, day-to-day modus operandi ; escape from the familiar, the common topographic point, the ordinary ; flight from the occupation, the foreman, the client, the commutation, the house the lawn, the leaky spigots. The benefits of touristry can be broad ranging, widening to benefits to the economic system, societal life for people populating in finishs every bit good as personal benefits to tourist ( UNWTO 1999 ; Bureau International du Tourisme Sociale ( BITS ) 2006 ) . These touristry benefits have been found to include: remainder and convalescence from work ; proviso of new experiences ladling to a widening of skylines and the chance for larning and intercultural communicating ; publicity of peace and apprehension ; personal and societal development ; sing friends and relations ; spiritual pilgrims journey and wellness ( Dann, 1977 ) . Push / Pull Factor Although a universally agree-upon conceptualisation of the tourer motive concept is still missing ( Fodness, 1994 ) , the push/pull theoretical account is accepted by many research workers ( Dann, 1977 ; 1981 ; Crompton, 1979 ; Zhang and Lam, 1999 ; Jang and Cai, 2002 ; Hsu and Lam, 2003 ) . Push factors are defined as internal motivations or forces that cause tourers to seek activities to cut down their demands, while pull factors are finish generated forces and the cognition that tourists hold about a finish ( Gnoth, 1997 ) . Most push factors are instrinsic incentives, such as the desire for flight, remainder and relaxation, prestigiousness, wellness and fittingness, escapade and societal interaction. Pull factors emerge due to the attraction of a finish, including beaches, diversion installations and cultural attractive forces ( Uysal and Jurowski, 1994 ) . Traditionally, push factors are considered of import in originating travel desire, while pull factors are considered more de cisive in explicating finish pick ( Crompton, 1979, Bello and Etzel, 1985 ) . Crompton ( 1979 ) identifies two bunchs of motivations among pleasance vacationists, viz. socio-psychological motivations and cultural motivations. Nine motivations were generated based on an analysis of 39 unstructured interviews. the seven socio-psychological motivations are ; flight from a perceived mundane environment, geographic expedition and rating of ego, relaxation, prestigiousness, arrested development, sweetening of kinship relationships and facilitation of societal interaction ; those classified as cultural motivations are novelty and instruction. Although non expressed, Crompton hopes to associate these motivations to force and draw factors by reasoning that push factors for a holiday are socio-psychological motivations, while pull factors are cultural motivations. Similarly, Dann ( 1977 ) builds his theory based on two conceptualisations: anomy and eo-enhancement. By taking a sociological attack to tourist motive, Dann identifies anomy and ego-enhancement as two of import travel motivations. He farther argues that both motivations are ‘push factors. Anomie represents the desire to exceed the feeling of isolation obtained in mundane life, where the tourer merely wishes to ‘get off from it all . On the other manus, ego-enhancement derives from the degree of personal demands. Merely as in the demand for societal interaction people wish to be recognized. The demand to hold one s self-importance enhanced or boosted is correspondent to the desire for a ‘bodily warm-up . Dann ( 1977 ) distinguishes the features of alienated tourers and ego-enhancement tourers. The alienated tourers are typically immature, married, male, above-average socio-economic position, from little towns and rural countries, and repetition visitants. Ego-enhancement tourers represent the opposite terminal of spectrum. This group is more likely female, first-time visitants, from lower socio-economic strata and older than alienated tourers. Dann favours ‘push factors, and argues that an scrutiny of ‘push factors is logically, and frequently temporally, an ancestor to ‘pull factors. Furthermore, he argues that the inquiry of ‘what makes tourers travel can merely associate to the ‘push factors, as this inquiry is barren of finish or value content demands of ‘pull factors. While Dann admits that both the anomy and ego-enhancement constructs stem from ‘push factors, he does non see the relationship between these two constructs as dichotomous. Alternatively, he constructs his theoretical model as a continuum, with anomie and ego-enhancement as the polar co-ordinates. The pull factors are active athleticss environment, alone natural environment, safety, sunlight, inexpensiveness, cultural activities, amusement, sightseeing, local civilization, different civilization and culinary art and singularity of little towns/villages/mountains. From the above descriptions of anomy and ego-enhancement, it should be clear that non merely does go stand for the fulfillment of certain basic demands in the possible tourers, but that in so making it offers him an alternate universe to that in which he daily lives. It can be argued, for case, that in the humdrum of suburban area, the faceless metropolis or the public small town, life merely becomes tolerable with the idea that there are opportunities of periodic flight from such an being, and that travel provides the ideal mercantile establishments. Tourist Motivation Human society, one time so sedentary, has begun to travel. Today a hurried mobility has obsessed most of the dwellers of the industrialised states. One seizes every chance to liberate oneself. To get away the ennui of mundane life every bit frequently as possible: short excursions during the hebdomad or week-end, long trips during holidaies. Cipher wants anything more fierily for their old age than a secondary abode. Above all, one does non desire to remain home but to acquire off at any monetary value ( Krippendorf, 1987 ) . The topic of tourer motive involves inquiries about why people travel. However, placing clearly the relationships between an person s motives and choice of a finish is a hard undertaking. Krippendorf ( 1987 ) , for case, identified a figure of tourer motives, including: Convalescence and regeneration ; Compensation and societal integrating ; Escape ; Communication ; Broadening the head ; Freedom and self-government ; Self-fulfillment ; Happiness. Jointly, these motives reflect that ‘the traveler is a mixture of many features that can non be merely assigned into this class or that one ( Krippendorf, 1987: 28 ) . He furthers provinces that, adult male spends portion of his leisure clip in nomadic leisure activities, that is in travel, which opens a window to the universe of the ordinary. This going or flight is typified and conditioned by specific influences, motives, and outlooks. The intents of travel constitute the polar antonym of day-to-day life: they represent the non-ordinary. In this context, it is particularly interesting to analyze the behavior and experiences of travelers, the fortunes and environment of the people visited ( the hosts ) , and the brushs between travelers and other travelers, particularly between travelers and hosts. The system of work home ground leisure travel is enclosed in a big model and influenced by the force which governs it. One can separate four major spheres of these forces, which are connected to each other by legion interactions: society with its value system ( sociocultural subsystem ) ; the economic system and its construction ( economic subsystem ) ; the environment and its resources ( ecological subsystem ) ; the authorities and its policies ( political subsystem ) ( Rotach, Mauch, and Gueller 1982: 35ff ) . Krippendorf believes that the chief motivation for touristry is to get away from something that we feel is incorrect in our day-to-day lives. In today s extremely technological universe we feel trapped in modus operandis and committednesss over which we have no control, says Krippendorf. Presents, the demand to go is above wholly created by society and marked by the ordinary. Peoples leave because they no longer experience at easiness where they are, where they work, and where they live. They feel an pressing demand to free themselves temporarily of the loads imposed by the mundane work, place and leisure scenes, in order to be in a fit province, to pick the load up once more. Their work is more and more mechanized, bureaucratized, and determined without respect to their wants. Deep inside, they feel the humdrum of the ordinary, the cold reason of mills, offices, flat edifices, and the main road substructure, the poverty of human contact, the repression of feelings, the debasement of nature, and the loss of nature ( Krippendorf, 1987 ) . Kripendorf high spots, besides the motive, the society has at the same time furnished to its members the agencies of transporting out this flight: money, in the signifier of higher income ; and clip, thanks to more and more limited work agendas. But most of import of all, industry has developed the true premier mover of nomadic society. The auto and, to a lesser extent, the aeroplane have ushered in the nomadic leisure revolution and have brought it to today s province in barely two decennaries and at an astonishing velocity. The society makes available the diversion industry, which plays in a sense the function of friend and adviser. This industry has taken over free clip. It provides non merely assorted sorts of satisfaction, but besides creates, if necessary, the corresponding wants and desires ( Traitler 1971: 28 ) . Many plants to a big extent, in order to be able to take holidaies, and he needs holidaies to be able to travel back to work ( Krippendorf, 1987 ) . The work moral principle has allowed many accomplishments: particularly the much hoped for material wellbeing, the riddance ( or about so ) of poorness, and the reduced work hebdomad. But following to this undeniable advancement, the moral principle has besides brought major jobs which weigh more and more to a great extent in the graduated tables and which are felt by a turning figure of people: the loss of intending in one s occupation ( as a effect of mass production and of the utmost division of labor ) , an of all time decreasing satisfaction with work and with life ( Yankelovich, 1978 ; Noelle-Neumann 1983 ) , the stiff and changeless organisation of clip, the phenomena of emphasis and ennui and the turning â€Å"medicalization† of lives ( Isopublic 1982 ; Opaschowski, 1983 ) , and most particularly, the addition in unemployment ( Kenward, 1983 ) . Social Tourism The benefits of engagement have prompted many authoritiess to advance entree to leisure travel as positive societal and economic activities. However, authorities commissariats to guarantee equality of entree to touristry are non cosmopolitan runing from silent support to direct investing in the proviso of services in the signifier of societal touristry ( European Commission 2001 ) . In Europe active support for societal touristry can be traced back to the Christian motion in France and Switzerland, the early young person motions in Germany and workers educational collectives. However, there are political, cultural and moral dimensions to the arguments based on different positions on the ideological and cardinal function of the province in the proviso of vacation services that has resulted in diverse proviso of vacation services that has resulted in diverse proviso of entree to touristry chances. In the UK for illustration, the European theoretical account has non been followed and there is concern about an ‘over-work civilization ( Bunting 2004 ) . Similarly, the US has witnessed both long-run eroding in leisure clip and a leaning for shorter vacations ( Schor, 1991 ) whilst in Japan, vacation clip has traditionally been even more scaring ( Richards 1999 ) . Therefore cultural attitudes towards holidaymaking could impact political support for societal touristry as a policy tool. Social touristry can be described as â€Å"the relationships and phenomena in the field of touristry ensuing from engagement in travel by economically weak or otherwise deprived elements of society† ( Hunzinger, â€Å"Social touristry, its nature and jobs, † quoted in ETB and TUC 1976, 5 ) . It involves the proviso of holidaies for people who can afford them merely with the assistance of a 3rd party. Although the purpose of societal touristry is Unitarian in philosophy-to extend the benefits of holidaies to a broader section of society-it is expressed in a assortment of signifiers. Trade brotherhoods in industrialised states have long sought and won paid holiday clip for their members, and by illustration, have won similar rights for most industrial and service workers. In Europe and Japan some companies help, pay for a significant part of holiday costs. Most workers in West Germany receive Urlaubsgeld ( holiday money ) , a fillip that cna equal 45 per cent of their regular holiday wage. In France, the state-owned Renault Company contributes to the operation of 30 household holiday small towns for its workers ( Time 1981 ) . Social bureaus such as the YMCA, Boy scouts, and church groups support many summer cantonments which offer subsidised holidaies to the immature, hapless or handicapped. In the United States there is grounds of â€Å"social tourism† with a turn, harmonizing to Lundberg ( 1976, 170 ) . He notes that societal touristry is designed to subsidise holidaies or installations for the on the job category, but points out that recent resort development in certain province Parkss is truly societal touristry for the in-between category. These resort park undertakings offer state nine quality and scenes at a subsidised monetary value, and have proved to be really popular attractive forces. In recent old ages at that place has been a re-emergence of research on issues related to societal justness and public assistance issues in touristry ( Higgins-Desboilles 2006 ; Hall and Brown 1996, 2006 ) including the concpt of societal touristry. Haulot ( 1982 ) defines societal touristry as a ‘the entirety of dealingss and phenomena deducing from the engagement of those societal group with modest incomes-participation which is made possible or facilitated by steps of a chiseled societal character ( 40 ) . Although there are diverse readings of what constitutes societal touristry and how it can be implemented, Minnaert, Maitland and Miller ( 2007 ) differentiate between visitor-and host-related signifiers of societal touristry. The literature associating societal touristry to societal public assistance issues from a societal policy position is limited ( Minnaert, Maitland and Miller 2009 ) . Social touristry in the UK is mostly dependent on the charities sector, although there are a few surveies on the construction and organisation of support ( Local Government Association 2001 ) . The societal policy literature has given limited consideration to the issue of tourisms function in current arguments despite a one-wee vacation being included in the indexs of exclusion for some clip ( Hazel 2005 ) and touristry being progressively perceived as a societal ‘right ( Richards 1998 ) . The UK has non adopted the European theoretical account of policy proviso on societal touristry such as the World Tourism Organization ( 1980 ) . In the UK the largest factor for non-participation in a vacation was affordability ( Corlyon and La Placa, 2006 ) . In 2006-07 there were 2.9 million kids populating in income poorness in the UK, a figure which rose by 100,000 for the 2nd twelvemonth running ( Department for work and Pensions 2008 ; see besides Palmer, Carr and Kenway 2005 ) . The chief societal groups who are most at hazard from societal exclusion from touristry include those who are: handicapped ; ailment ; older ; at fright of persecution or other hazard factors ; enduring from poorness ; deficiency clip due to work or caring committednesss, cultural minority groups. Further, it is non clear how non-participation in touristry may impact upon the costs of wellness and societal attention proviso ( ODPM 2005 ) . Harmonizing to McCabe, holiday infinite does non incorporate referents to household jobs, and it is free of negative associations, emphasis and barriers to fresh experiences. The vacation offers people a opportunity to populate otherwise, separately and as a household, leting a alteration in modus operandis, to seek new activities and experiences, for kids to see freedom, and to populate at a different gait of life. Furthermore, holidays provided chances for positive and active behaviors in relation to feature and exert, positive diversion as opposed to inactive leisure signifiers, and issues which has been highlighted by Roberts in relation to leisure ingestion and societal exclusion ( 2004 ) . Further McCabe provinces, that, analysis of the application signifiers indicates that people are really frequently cognizant of the jobs and issues which they face in their lives which can frequently take to a sense of guilt. Given the chance of clip and infinite off from the place environment, people have the opportunity to actively work out their ain issues without the intercession from others. They have a opportunity to construct or mend relationships and recover from past troubles and an chance to reevaluate issue and face the hereafter in a positive manner. Decision Travel motive surveies attempt to reply the inquiry ‘why people travel or ‘why people visit a peculiar finish because the implicit in premise is that motive is one of the drive forces of behavior. Understanding specific tourer motives and/or the nature of travel motive can assist finish directors and sellers do a better occupation of product/service planning, selling communicating and visitant attractive force and keeping. Travel motive is a psychological concept which holds a multidimensional implicit in construction. Peoples travel to assorted topographic points to run into different demands. Persons travel motives are influenced by their civilization, background and old experience. Of the motivational forces, pull factors are finish properties, which are under a great trade of control of the finishs. All the three writers talk about the push / pull factor of touristry but in different construct, Dann focuses on anomy and ego-enhancement, whereas Krippendorf negotiations about working category people necessitating to take vacation, with McCabe it is about societal touristry for the people who are excluded from the society and can non afford vacation. Each writer explains the same in different ways and logic. Mentions: Bello, D. C. And Etzel, M. J. ( 1985 ) The rate of freshness in pleasance travel experiences. Journal of Travel Research 24 ( 1 ) , 20-26. Bunting, M. ( 2004 ) , ‘Willing Slaves : How the Overwork Culture is Governing Our Lifes. London: Harper Collins. Corlyon, J. , and La Placa, V. , ( 2006 ) Holidays for Families in Need: Policies and Practice in the UK. London: Policy Research Bureau. Crompton, J. ( 1979 ) Motivations for pleasance holiday. Annalss of Tourism Research 6 ( 4 ) , 408-424. Dann, G. ( 1977 ) , Anomie, ego-enhamcement and touristry. Annalss of Tourism Research 4 ( 4 ) , 184-194. Dann, G. , ( 1981 ) , Tourist motive: An assessment, Annals of Tourism Research 8 ( 2 ) , 187-219. Department for Work and Pensions ( 2008 ) Households Below Average Income: An Analysis of the Income Distribution 1994 / 95 -2006 /0. HMSO. European Commission, ( 2001 ) , Report of the Results of the Tourism for all Investigation. Brussels: European Commission. Fodness, D. , ( 1994 ) , Measuring tourer motive. Annalss of Tourism Research 21 ( 3 ) , 555-581. Gnoth, J. , ( 1997 ) , Tourism motive and outlook formation. Annalss of Tourism Research 24 ( 2 ) , 283-304. Hall, D. , and Brown, F. , ( 1996 ) Towards a Welfare Focus for Tourism Research. Advancement in Tourism and Hospitality Research 2:41-57. Hall, D. , and Brown, F. , ( 2006 ) Tourism and Social welfare: Ethical motives, Responsibility and Sustainable Well-being. Wallingford: CABI. Haulot, A. , ( 1982 ) Social Toursim: Current Dimensions of Future Developments. Journal of Travel Research 20:40. Hazel, N. ( 2005 ) Holidays for Children and Families in Need: An Exploration of the Research and Policy Context for Social Tourism in the UK. Children A ; Society 19:225-236. Higgins-Desboilles, F. ( 2006 ) , More than an â€Å"Industry† : The Forgotten Power of Tourism as a Social Force. Tourism Management 27: 1192-1208. Hsu, C.H.C. , and Lam, T. , ( 2003 ) , Mainland Chinese travelers motives and barriers of sing Hong Kong. Journal of Academy of Business and Economics 2 ( 1 ) , 60-67. Isopublic Umfrage, ( 1982 ) , Le Suisse et lupus erythematosus parturiency. Zuerich: Institut fur Markt-und meinungsforschung. Jang, S.C. and Cai, L.A. , ( 2002 ) , Travel motives and finish pick: a survey of British outbound market. Journal of Travel A ; Tourism Marketing 13 ( 3 ) , 111-133. Kenward, L. ( 1983 ) , Arbeitslosigkeit in den grossen Industrielaendern. In Finanzierung und Entwicklung 2:24 38. Hamburg: HWWA-Institut. Krippendorf, J. ( 1987 ) , The Holidaymakers. Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Local Government Association ( 2001 ) Tourism as a Tool for Social Inclusion. London: LGA. McCabe, S. ( 2009 ) Who needs a vacation? Measuring societal touristry, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 667-688, 2009. Minnaert, L. , R. Maitland, and G. Miller ( 2007 ) Social Tourism and its Ethical Foundations. Tourism Culture A ; Communicaton 7:7-17. Minnaert, L. , R. Maitland, and G. Miller ( 2009 ) Tourism and Social Policy: The Value of Social Tourism. Annalss of Tourism Research 36 ( 2 ) : 316-334. Noelle-Neumann, E. ( 1983 ) , Freude, Feiheitsgefuehl und Produktivitaet. In Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 111:13. Frankfort: Frakfurter Allgemeinc Verlag. Opaschowski, H. W. , ( 1983 ) , Freizeit: Zur Langeweile verurteilt. In Animation 1:2-7. Hanover: Vincentz. OPDM ( 2005 ) Inclusion Through Innovation: Undertaking Social Exclusion through New Technologies. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Richards, G. ( 1998 ) clip for a Holiday? Social Rights and International touristry Consumption. Time and Society 7 ( 1 ) : 145-160. Richards, G. ( 1999 ) , Vacations and the Quality of Life: Forms and Structures. Journal of Business Research 44: 189-198. Rotach, M. S. Mauch, and P. Gueller, explosive detection systems, ( 1982 ) , Szenarien kuenftiger Entwicklungen. Bern: Programmletiung NFP â€Å"Regional Probleme.† Schor, J. ( 1991 ) , The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline in Leisure. New York: Basic Books. Traitler, R. ( 1971 ) , Der manipulierte Tourist. In Der Ueberblick 3:28-29. Stuttgart: Arbeitsgemeinschaft evang. Kirchen in Deutschland. Uysal, M. , and Jurowski, C. , ( 1994 ) , Testing the push and pull factors. Annalss of Tourism Research 21 ( 4 ) , 844-846. World Tourism Organization ( WTO ) ( 1999 ) Global codification of Ethical motives for Tourism. Yankelovich, D. ( 1978 ) , Wer hat noch Lust Zu arbeiten? In Psychologie heute 5:14 -21. Weinheim: Beltz. Zhang, H. , and Lam, T. , ( 1999 ) , an analysis of mainland Chinese visitants motives to Hong Kong. Tourism Management 20 ( 5 ) , 587-594.

Effectiveness Of E-Learning Tools In Organisations Dissertation

Effectiveness Of E-Learning Tools In Organisations - Dissertation Example The purpose of the study is not to examine the psychological factors pertaining to a like/dislike of technology that would be present on a personal level among employees of any industry. It is to examine the particulars of the implementation of e-learning management which may be addressed through a change in strategy, approach, and program design, to provide further motivation for employees to avail of e-learning facilities in companies that most require them. The methodology involves survey by questionnaire and a case study illustrating the successful implementation of an e-learning initiative, and why employees would find certain methods and approaches preferably. Results show that despite the preference for digital communications, learners would prefer face-to-face communications rather than written, and are optimistic about the eventual results of their participation in e-learning programs. The greatest barrier to e-learning remains the resistance of the employees where it still exists, but this does not seem to be prevalent. The case study provides a successful example of e-learning application in an open network where the exchange of information through workplace learning appears highly effective. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 1.1 Chapter Overview 7 1.2Background of the Problem 7 1.3 Statement of the Problem 8 1.4Research questions 8 1.5 Significance of the research problem 9 1.6 Scope and delimitation of the study 9 Chapter 2: Literature Review 10 2.1 Chapter Overview 10 2.2 Definition and taxonomy 10 2.3 Impact of e-learning in organisations 11 2.4 Internal marketing: How the e-learning is communicated & promoted within organisations 13 2.5 Theoretical framework 17 2.6 Synthesis and relation of literature review to the research study 18 Chapter 3: Methodology 20 3.1Chapter Overview 20 3.2Research strategy 20 3.3 Research design 21 3.4 Data description 21 3.5Population and sampling method 22 3.6Data gathering instrument 22 3.7 An alysis 23 3.8 Ethical considerations 25 Chapter 4: Discussion 26 4.1 Chapter Overview 26 4.2. Respondent Profile 26 4.2.1 According to age 26 4.2.2 According to gender 27 4.2.3 According to highest educational attainment 29 4.2.4 According to length of service 30 4.3 Factors affecting e-learning 31 4.3.1 Respondents from BPO firms 32 4.3.2 Respondents from IT firms 33 4.4 Contribution of internal communications to e-learning effectiveness 34 4.4.1 Respondents from BPO firms 34 4.4.2 Respondents from IT firms 35 4.5 Impact of e-learning 36 4.5.1 Respondents from BPO firms 37 4.5.2 Respondents from IT firms 38 4.6 Barriers to effective e-learning 39 4.6.1 Respondents from BPO firms 40 4.6.2 Respondents from IT firms 41 4.7 T-test results 42 4.7.1 Factors affecting e-learning 43 4.7.2 Contribution of internal communications to e-learning 44 4.7.3 Impact of e-learning 44 4.7.4 Barriers to e-learning 45 4.7.5 Case study of a strategic application in an actual case involving an IT company 45 Chapter 5: Conclusion 51 5.1 Summary of findings 51 5.1.1 Factors that contribute most to the successful implementation of e-learning in the organization.

Food and your personal interest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Food and your personal interest - Essay Example The alternative food movement firstly focuses on the freshness and purity of the farm products which is far superior to what we buy from the counters at the supermarkets. These products are not only safe but also come at prices that are lower than the market since no third party is in between the transaction. Organic pesticides are usage of natural pesticides such as herbs or trees which have some insect repellant properties.Next, there is also increased usage of bio-fertilizers and organic pesticides which are also known as green pesticides. These natural products can be used to render protection to the plants and are derived from natural substances. These pesticides unlike the chemical and synthetic fertilizers do not harm the soil or have any effect on the food products that are being produced in the fields. These fertilizers are made from biofriendly substances with natural procedures. The growing interest of good food, safe food, interest in healthy and fresh food and scientific endeavor in all this has successfully sparked my interest in the subject area since gardening has always been my passion. In today’s times when biological sciences is filled with new innovations and technological advancements with the help of genetic engineering and biotechnological advancements, organic methods provides us a sense of being far from the artificial world. Genetic modification and genetically modified crops are being introduced in the market shelves and this has not been accepted by many since many of us prefer nature over science. Yes, scientific advancement is necessary but where there is a choice like organic farming and naturally produced fresh food, the latter is preferred. Organic food particularly is something that I am very much interested in not only for the reason that it tastes much better than food grown for consumerism but also because they are safe for us as well as our surroundings. The methodologies employed in the procedure are ecosystem frien dly, highly adaptable and helps preserve biodiversity as well. I would love to take this innovation forward and spread it in the communities who can thereby have access to these farm fresh products and enjoy them straight from the farm without bearing extra costs or worrying about the

Who was responsible for the origins of the Cold War Essay Example for Free

Who was responsible for the origins of the Cold War Essay The breakup of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) brought an end to the Cold War with victory for the capitalist countries principally United States. The Cold War did not involve direct confrontation between the two rivals, Soviet Union and United States, and it has always been difficult to claim who was really responsible for setting up the Cold War in motion. Historians on both sides have blamed the other side for starting the Cold War reflecting the antagonisms on both sides. Now that the Cold War has been declared over, we can perhaps look dispassionately on who was responsible for the origin of the Civil War. From a historical perspective the question, who was responsible for the origin of the Cold War is important for historical accuracy. As [MacDonald, 1995] points out that historical accounts and their relative plausibility directly influence social science theories and helps us learn from historical examples and utilize them as illustration and evidence. These questions are the subject of this essay to find who started the Cold War. My thesis is that: 1. The conflicting ideologies of Anglo-American Capitalism and Soviet Communism were the most important cause of the Cold War 2. United States and its Western European Allies were the originator of the Cold War and 3. USSR was forced to match the US measures and to build its own sphere of influence to counter-balance those measures to protect Soviet Union. The theses seems to be biased in favor of Soviet Union but when we analyze the relationship between pre-war Russia and United States and Britain we find that the 2nd World War only brought Russia and United States into an alliance to counter the common enemy, Germany. The lessons Russia learnt from the 2nd World War, with more than 20 million deaths can logically be expected to result in a desire to secure its borders by having friendly countries as buffers. After the end of the 2nd World War the Soviet Union was in no position to enter into competition with United States that had come out of the War relatively unscathed. The development of post War era indicate that the responsibility of originating the Cold War can be put on the shoulders of United States and Britain. The mistakes and misunderstanding generated by both sides only intensified the Cold War that kept the entire World divided into the two camps and has left problems in its wake that are haunting various regions of the world to this day. Economic and strategic rivalries often create disagreement even among allies but the ideological philosophies of both sides Soviet Communism on one side and Anglo-American Capitalism on the other, and the determination on both sides to ensure that their ideologies were protected and flourished only intensified the Cold War. United States and Britain were strong advocates of capitalistic, free-trading liberal democracy and many advocated turning the whole world into their form of capitalist economies. The Soviet Union policy makers also dreamed of seeing Marxist-Leninism spread throughout the world. After the destruction of the 2nd World War, with their economy and infrastructure devastated and more than 20 million dead, Soviet Union would have been more than happy to protect communism at home and was not in a position to export it. United States however was still strong and had come out of the War even stronger, and was in a position to strengthen its sphere of influence. The responsibility of originating the Cold War thus fell in the lap of United States and Britain and Soviet Union was not much far behind as discussed below. It is also important to recognize that due to the vast differences in the operating systems of the Soviet Union and United States, the Cold War was inevitable and tracing its origin to prevent a future Cold War is not the lesson we can possibly learn from the history. Even the end of the Cold War has not meant peace and tranquility for the world, and it seems that until one power can have total supremacy with subjugation to the desire of the almighty superpower, wars of one kind or other will continue.

Website Analysis, Williams Principles :: essays research papers

The design of a website, as a whole, still involves many of the same principles as a linear document. That is, contrast, alignment, repetition and proximity should be consistent throughout the site. Choosing logical flexibility within these design elements can enhance a website to a desired level. On the flip side, overemphasizing differences between pages can lead to a poor design. The following analysis strays from applying the design principles in a traditional sense as we take a look how they are applied to the document as a whole. The Centre for Sustainable Design maintains a simple, yet professional appealing website. Style decisions using contrast on a black background for the homepage give the site a preliminary degree of credibility because it has been made known that the majority believes that white and black contrast is the easiest to read. Of course there is a san-serif font, like most other websites because serifs seem to be more difficult to read on a computer screen. Repetition in the focal graphics on the homepage begins to lead the audience to a comfort level within the site. The general template remains the same, with the navigation being on the left and the top, maintaining its black color and when you click one of the main focal points on the homepage, one of the four pictures, it takes you to another page that still have that same picture/focal point to a degree. Specifically, the repetition of size (170x142pixels), color (greyscale), and angle variance in the graphics create a complimenting montage. Each of the repetitious graphics also lead way into the article they represent. A repetitious feature is also utilized in the navigation bar above the graphics. A mouse rollover displays a description of each topic area. The text appears on a white-on-black contrast in the upper right corner, again leading the audience to what lies within the page. However, once the site is entered, the navigation bar loses the rollover feature. They could have simply copied the code from the homepage and changed the color of the text to allow for the repetition of the rollover feature. This would allow the audience to read the descriptions from pages within the site to determine their interest. The authors of this homepage may have guessed that the user would have looked at all the rollover information before deciding on which part to click on, therefore, making the rollover unnecessary in the following pages. However, making assumptions like that usually are not what really happens, the design should be the same throughout, with the same rollover text as the homepage to help the

Growth of Fmcg Products in Rural Market

Certificate This is to certify that Ms. Vrushali Awachar of IBS Nagpur has submitted her report titled, â€Å"Growth of FMCG products in rural market† for the year 2009-2010 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the completion of practical study at the first semester of MBA programme. Place: Date: _ Preface As part of course in MBA for the first semester, we have to make a report based on sector analysis; which I am presenting is on Growth of FMCG products in rural market. This opportunity allows the students to study the real business environment and a consequent report further helps in improving on the communication and presentation aspects which are highly essential to be inculcated amongst Management students. This practical training at MBA programme develops a feeling about the difficulties and challenges in the business world. Only theory knowledge does not impart complete education. To fulfill these objectives these reports play an essential part in MBA programme. In this direction, I have tried my level best to analyze the various information obtained and have presented in a logical and understandable format. Acknowledgement I forward gratitude to respected Dean Sir of our Institute. I am heartily thankful to the management for providing me the opportunity to make a study of practical training in their organization. I express my sincere thanks to the staff of the unit who have given us all the information and who guided us. I am also thankful to Prof. Upal Sinha and Dr. Sarita Modak with whose help; the study was conducted and made possible they provided full guidance, cooperation and valuable suggestion about the Report. I am thankful to my college friends and all those who have helped me directly or indirectly in the preparation of this report. With thanks†¦ Place: Nagpur Date: 28th/08/2009 Yours Sincerely, Vrushali Awachar 09BS0000502 Contents of the Report Table of Contents Certificate Preface Acknowledgement 1. Abstract Growth of FMCG products in Rural Market P. Balakrishna 2. Introduction Sales zoomed from 35,000 sachets to 12 lakhs. Initially they took any sachet but now they are restricted to Chik sachets. Now at present, rural market is one of the best opportunity and focusing sector for the major FMCG companies in India. Each and every company is set to invest a huge capital for competition in rural market. According to the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, the number of rural households using FMCG products has grown from 136 million in 2004 to 143 million in 2007,a clear indication that rural consumers are shifting from commodities to branded products. Urban consumers on the other hand could go slowly on FMCG expenses, thanks for inflation spiral, rise in fuel cost and costlier credit. Evidence suggest that for the first time, that the rural market has grown faster than the urban market in key product categories in April-May 2008, the latest months for which such information is available, according to market research firm NC Nielson. Market and Indian companies, in India. * To study the challenges faced by rural marketers in India. * To study the reasons of popularity of rural markets in India. 5. Need of the study To determine the demand of FMCG products in rural India. Know about the different choice of rural consumers. Rural and Urban potential _(table 1. Rural and urban population)_ _(Source: Statistical Outline of India (2001-2002) NCAER_ According to a study by Chennai-based Francis Kanoi Marketing Planning 7. Growth Prospects With the presence of 12. 2% of the world population in the villages of India, the Indian rural FMCG market is something no one can overlook. Increased focus on farm sector will boost rural incomes, hence providing better growth prospects to the FMCG companies. Better infrastructure facilities will improve their supply chain. FMCG sector is also likely to benefit from growing demand in the market. Because of the low per capita consumption for almost all the products in the country, FMCG companies have immense possibilities for growth. And if the companies are able to change the mindset of the consumers, i. e. if they are able to take the consumers to branded products and offer new generation products, they would be able to generate higher growth in the near future. It is expected that the rural income will rise in 2007, boosting purchasing power in the countryside. However, the demand in urban areas would be the key growth driver over the long term. Also, increase in the urban population, along with increase in income levels and the availability of new categories, would help the urban areas maintain their position in terms of consumption. At present, urban India accounts for 66% of total FMCG consumption, with rural India accounting for the remaining 34%. However, rural India accounts for more than 40% consumption in major FMCG categories such as personal care, fabric care, and hot beverages. In urban areas, home and personal care category, including skin care, household care and feminine hygiene, will keep growing at relatively attractive rates. Within the foods segment, it is estimated that processed foods, bakery, and dairy are long-term growth categories in both rural and urban areas. Indian Competitiveness and Comparison with the World Markets The following factors make India a competitive player in FMCG sector: Availability of raw materials Because of the diverse agro-climatic conditions in India, there is a large raw material base suitable for food processing industries. India is the largest producer of livestock, milk, sugarcane, coconut, spices and cashew and is the second largest producer of rice, wheat and fruits &vegetables. India also produces caustic soda and soda ash, which are required for the production of soaps and detergents. The availability of these raw materials gives India the location advantage. Labor cost comparison {draw:frame} (Fig. 2 Labor cost comparison) (Source: www. equitymaster. com _ _Low cost labor gives India a competitive advantage. India's labor cost is amongst the lowest in the world, after China & Indonesia. Low labor costs give the advantage of low cost of production. Many MNC's have established their plants in India to outsource for domestic and export markets. Presence across value chain Indian companies have their presence across the value chain of FMCG sector, right from the supply of raw materials to packaged goods in the food-processing sector. This brings India a more cost competitive advantage. For example, Amul supplies milk as well as dairy products like cheese, butter, etc. 8. Indian FMCG Sector The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest in the economy and has a market size of US$13. 1 billion. Well-established distribution networks, as well as intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments are the characteristics of this sector. FMCG in India has a strong and competitive MNC presence across the entire value chain. It has been predicted that the FMCG market will reach to US$ 33. 4 billion in 2015 from US $ billion 11. 6 in 2003. The middle class and the rural segments of the Indian population are the most promising market for FMCG, and give brand makers the opportunity to convert them to branded products. Most of the product categories like jams, toothpaste, skin care, shampoos, etc, in India, have low per capita consumption as well as low penetration level, but the potential for growth is huge. The Indian Economy is surging ahead by leaps and bounds, keeping pace with rapid urbanization, increased literacy levels, and rising per capita income. The big firms are growing bigger and small-time companies are catching up as well. According to the study conducted by AC Nielsen, 62 of the top 100 brands are owned by MNCs, and the balance by Indian companies. Fifteen companies own these 62 brands, and 27 of these are owned by Hindustan Lever. Pepsi is at number three followed by Thums Up. Britannia takes the fifth place, followed by Colgate (6), Nirma (7), Coca-Cola (8) and Parle (9). These are figures the soft drink and cigarette companies have always shied away from revealing. Personal care, cigarettes, and soft drinks are the three biggest categories in FMCG. Between them, they account for 35 of the top 100 brands. THE TOP 10 COMPANIES IN FMCG SECTOR (table 3: top 10 co. ’s) Source: Naukrihub. com The companies mentioned in Exhibit I, are the leaders in their respective sectors. The personal care category has the largest number of brands, i. e. , 21, inclusive of Lux, Lifebuoy, Fair and Lovely, Vicks, and Ponds. There are 11 HLL brands in the 21, aggregating Rs. ,799 crore or 54% of the personal care category. Cigarettes account for 17% of the top 100 FMCG sales, and just below the personal care category. ITC alone accounts for 60% volume market share and 70% by value of all filter cigarettes in India. The foods category in FMCG is gaining popularity with a swing of launches by HLL, ITC, Godrej, and others. This category has 18 major brands, aggregating Rs. 4,637 crore. Nestle and Amul slug it out in the powders segment. The food category has also seen innovations like softies in ice creams, chapattis by HLL, ready to eat rice by HLL and pizzas by both GCMMF and Godrej Pillsbury. This category seems to have faster development than the stagnating personal care category. Amul, India's largest foods company has a good presence in the food category with its ice-creams, curd, milk, butter, cheese, and so on. Britannia also ranks in the top 100 FMCG brands, dominates the biscuits category and has launched a series of products at various prices. In the household care category (like mosquito repellents), Godrej and Reckitt are two players. Goodknight from Godrej is worth above Rs 217 crore, followed by Reckitt's Mortein at Rs 149 crore. In the shampoo category, HLL's Clinic and Sunsilk make it to the top 100, although P's Head and Shoulders and Pantene are also trying hard to be positioned on top. Clinic is nearly double the size of Sunsilk. Dabur is among the top five FMCG companies in India and is a herbal specialist. With a turnover of Rs. 19 billion (approx. US$ 420 million) in 2005-2006, Dabur has brands like Dabur Amla, Dabur Chyawanprash, Vatika, Hajmola and Real. Asian Paints is enjoying a formidable presence in the Indian sub-continent, Southeast Asia, Far East, Middle East, South Pacific, Caribbean, Africa and Europe. Asian Paints is India's largest paint company, with a turnover of Rs. 22. 6 billion (around USD 513 million). Forbes Global magazine, USA, ranked Asian Paints among the 200 Best Small Companies in the World Cadbury India is the market leader in the chocolate confectionery market with a 70% market share and is ranked number two in the total food drinks market. Its popular brands include Cadbury's Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Eclairs, and Gems. The Rs. 15. 6 billion (USD 380 Million) Marico is a leading Indian group in consumer products and services in the Global Beauty and Wellness space. 8. Outlook There is a huge growth potential for all the FMCG companies as the per capita consumption of almost all products in the country is amongst the lowest in the world. Again the demand or prospect could be increased further if these companies can change the consumer's mindset and offer new generation products. Earlier, Indian consumers were using non-branded apparel, but today, clothes of different bra nds are available and the same consumers are willing to pay more for branded quality clothes. It's the quality, promotion and innovation of products, which can drive many sectors. . 2 Sector Outlook Threats: 1. Removal of import restrictions resulting in replacing of domestic brands 2. Slowdown in rural demand Tax and regulatory structure The rural market may be alluring but it is not without its problems: Low per capita disposable incomes that is half the urban disposable income; large number of daily wage earners, acute dependence on the vagaries of the monsoon; seasonal consumption linked to harvests and festivals and special occasions; poor roads; power problems; and inaccessibility to conventional advertising media. However, the rural consumer is not unlike his urban counterpart in many ways. The more daring MNCs are meeting the consequent challenges of availability, affordability, acceptability and awareness (the so-called 4 As) The first challenge is to ensure availability of the product or service. India's 627,000 villages are spread over 3. 2 million sq km; 700 million Indians may live in rural areas, finding them is not easy. However, given the poor state of roads, it is an even greater challenge to egularly reach products to the far-flung villages. Any serious marketer must strive to reach at least 13,113 villages with a population of more than 5,000. Marketers must trade off the distribution cost with incremental market penetration. Over the years, India's largest MNC, Hindustan Lever, a subsidiary of Unilever, has built a strong distribution system which helps its brands reach the interiors of the rural market. To service remote village, stockists use autorickshaws, bullock-carts and eve n boats in the backwaters of Kerala. Coca-Cola, which considers rural India as a future growth driver, has evolved a hub and spoke distribution model to reach the villages. To ensure full loads, the company depot supplies, twice a week, large distributors which who act as hubs. These distributors appoint and supply, once a week, smaller distributors in adjoining areas. LG Electronics defines all cities and towns other than the seven metros cities as rural and semi-urban market. To tap these unexplored country markets, LG has set up 45 area offices and 59 rural/remote area offices. The second challenge is to ensure affordability of the product or service. With low disposable incomes, products need to be affordable to the rural consumer, most of whom are on daily wages. Some companies have addressed the affordability problem by introducing small unit packs. Godrej recently introduced three brands of Cinthol, Fair Glow and Godrej in 50-gm packs, priced at Rs 4-5 meant specifically for Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh — the so-called `Bimaru' States. Hindustan Lever, among the first MNCs to realise the potential of India's rural market, has launched a variant of its largest selling soap brand, Lifebuoy at Rs 2 for 50 gm. The move is mainly targeted at the rural market. Coca-Cola has addressed the affordability issue by introducing the returnable 200-ml glass bottle priced at Rs 5. The initiative has paid off: Eighty per cent of new drinkers now come from the rural markets. Coca-Cola has also introduced Sunfill, a powdered soft-drink concentrate. The instant and ready-to-mix Sunfill is available in a single-serve sachet of 25 gm priced at Rs 2 and mutiserve sachet of 200 gm priced at Rs 15. The third challenge is to gain acceptability for the product or service. Therefore, there is a need to offer products that suit the rural market. One company which has reaped rich dividends by doing so is LG Electronics. In 1998, it developed a customized TV for the rural market and christened it Sampoorna. It was a runway hit selling 100,000 sets in the very first year. Because of the lack of electricity and refrigerators in the rural areas, Coca-Cola provides low-cost ice boxes — a tin box for new outlets and thermocol box for seasonal outlets. The insurance companies that have tailor-made products for the rural market have performed well. HDFC Standard LIFE topped private insurers by selling policies worth Rs 3. 5 crore in total premia. The company tied up with non-governmental organizations and offered reasonably-priced policies in the nature of group insurance covers. With large parts of rural India inaccessible to conventional advertising media — only 41 per cent rural households have access to TV — building awareness is another challenge. Fortunately, however, the rural consumer has the same likes as the urban consumer — movies and music — and for both the urban and rural consumer, the family is the key unit of identity. However, the rural consumer expressions differ from his urban counterpart. Outing for the former is confined to local fairs and festivals and TV viewing is confined to the state-owned Doordarshan. Consumption of branded products is treated as a special treat or indulgence. Hindustan Lever relies heavily on its own company-organized media. These are promotional events organized by stockiest. Godrej Consumer Products, which is trying to push its soap brands into the interior areas, uses radio to reach the local people in their language. The key dilemma for MNCs eager to tap the large and fast-growing rural market is whether they can do so without hurting the company's profit margins. Mr. Carlo Donati, Chairman and Managing-Director, Nestle, while admitting that his company's product portfolio is essentially designed for urban consumers, cautions companies from plunging headlong into the rural market as capturing rural consumers can be expensive. Any generalization† says Mr Donati, â€Å"about rural India could be wrong and one should focus on high GDP growth areas, be it urban, semi-urban or rural. † ISIC 5211 retail sales in non-specialized stores ISIC 5219 other retail sale in non-specialized stores ISIC 5220 retail sale of food, beverages and tobacco in specialized stores ISIC 5231 retail sale of pharmaceutical and medical goods, cosmetic and toilet articl es ISIC 5251 retail sale via mail order houses ISIC 5252 retail sale via stalls and markets ISIC 5259 whole sale goods Supplier industries for FMCGs include 1511 meat and meat products, 1512 fish and fish products, 1513 fruit and vegetables, 1514 vegetable and animal oils and fats, 1520 dairy products, 1531 grain mill products, 1532 starches and starch products, 1533 animal feeds, 1541 bakery products, 1542 sugar, 1543 cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery, 1544 macaroni, noodles, couscous, 1549 other food products, 1551 spirits; ethyl alcohol, 1552 wines, 1553 malt liquors and malt, 1554 soft drinks, mineral waters, 1600 tobacco products, 2101 pulp, paper and paperboard, 2102 corrugated paper, containers, 2109 other articles of paper and paperboard, 2424 soap and detergents, cleaning preparations, perfumes. 9. 1 Impulse to go Rural 1. Large Population (_Source: NCAER). _ 2. Rising Rural Prosperity twice as many ‘lower middle income’ households in rural areas as in the urban areas. Distribution of people income-wise (Table 5. ) (Source:NCAER) against is Rs. 3,500 crores in rural India . 3. Growth in Market 4. Effectiveness of Communication 5. IT Penetration in Rural India Into rural India, the possibilities of change are becoming visible. 6. Impact of Globalization FMCG Products and Categories – In recent years, rural markets of India have acquired significance, as the overall growth of the Indian economy has resulted into substantial increase in the purchasing power of the rural communities. On account of green revolution, the rural areas are consuming a large quantity of industrial and urban manufactured products. In this context, a special marketing strategy, namely, rural marketing has emerged. Rural India with its traditional perception has grown over the years, not only in terms of income, but also in terms of thinking. The rural markets are growing at above two time’s faster pace than urban markets; not surprisingly, rural India accounts for 60% of the total national demand. Today, rural market occupies a larger part of our economy and it is expected to grow at least four times the existing size. Another contributing factor for rural push was growing saturation in urban markets. To be precise, rural marketing in Indian economy covers two broad sections: 1. Selling of agricultural products in the urban areas 2. Selling of manufactured products in the rural regions In present situation, our huge population is helping marketers to think new marketing strategies. 630 Billion rural populations are greater than total consuming markets of many countries like Canada, South Korea, etc. Tapping the rural market is one of the most important marketing strategies followed by various MNCs and Indian companies now-a-days. A number of companies in FMCG, consumer durables as well as telecom sector have adapted strategies to expand their base in rural market. Among those who have already taken remarkable initiative in rural market are HLL, Colgate, LG Electronics, Philips, BSNL, LIC, Britannia and Hero Honda. Rural Marketing in simple word is planning and implementation of marketing function for rural areas. Rural marketing has been defined as the process of developing, pricing, promoting, distributing rural specific products and services leading to exchange between urban and rural markets which satisfies consumer demands and also achieves org. objective. Of the two million BSNL mobile connections, 50% are in small towns / villages. Of the six lakh villages, 5. 22 lakh have a Village Public Telephone (VPT). 42 million rural households are availing banking services in comparison to 27 million urban households. Investment in formal savings instruments: 6. 6 millions households in rural and 6. 7 million in urban India. Large Population: Approximately 75% of India's population resides in around 6,38,365 villages of India spread over 32 lakh square kilometer. 41% of India's middle class resides in rural areas. Higher Purchasing Capacity: Purchasing power of rural people is on rise; Market Growth: Market is growing at a rate of 3-4% per annum. The journey of markets to the rural markets has indeed been one of surmounting one hurdle after another; these include the 4 As – Availability, Affordability, and Acceptance & Awareness – adopting themselves to the rural atmosphere marketers. So, in the context of growth aspects of the Rural markets and their adoption and application by major MNCs and Indian companies, I want to take this Project as my Research Project so that I could go in to the in-depth study of the rural markets- their future scope, challenges etc. in the context of India Rural markets are future battlegrounds' Icfai University Journal of Rural Management: â€Å"The very nature of economic activities of rural market extending the provision of quality access to financial solutions is vital for the development of people residing in rural areas†. * Khan N. A. , B uilding Competitiveness in Small-Scale and Rural Industries in India; Icfai University Journal of Rural Management: â€Å"The significance of competitiveness in the rural marketing was neglected for a long time in India, but now it is being recognized†. {draw:frame} It is interesting to note that consumers will almost always buy exactly what they put on their shopping list. If they write down flour, they are going to buy flour. What do you think will happen if they write Gold Medal Flour on their list? Getting the consumer to write your brand name on their shopping list almost guarantees they will buy your product instead of your competitors, but how do you get them to do that? The simple answer is continued brand advertising overtime. This helps cement your brand with consumers, but where do you advertise? Having your advertisements running next to the online recipes that mention your product will certainly build brand awareness. Especially since the consumer is usually looking at related recipes while they are planning their trip to the grocery store. Of course, you could even take that whole concept a step further by providing the recipes on your website where you could also provide the shopping list for that recipe complete with your products brand name. Think of the possibilities†¦Some consumers don’t write their shopping list down or maybe their printer is out of ink. What would happen if they could get that branded recipe or shopping list sent right to their cell phone by email or sms text? How about a branded iPhone application that would allow the consumer to look up the recipe and download their shopping list right in the grocery store while they are trying to decide â€Å"what’s for dinner? † The possibilities are endless once you start thinking outside the box of conventional advertising and meet the consumer right where they live. Technology is becoming more and more integrated with our lives and the consumer is using the internet and their cell phones to help them with just about everything including planning their meals and grocery shopping list. FMCG ( fast moving consumer goods ) is a great career opportunity for any professional worth his salt. The success in the sales and marketing division of any FMCG company will depend on great team work. The results are almost directly proportionate to the effort of the field personnel. As the classic saying goes in cricket the longer you stay in the middle the chances of scoring more runs is inevitable unless he is a Boycott type of batsmen. Similarly the more the field work put in by the field staff the greater the results in terms of volume in general. The flip side is that the wholesale channel of distribution is highly unpredictable. They attract customers based on the simple premise that they sell it cheaper when compared to company recommended billing price to retailer. How does the wholesale sell cheap, by the virtue of their volume purchase they manage to get better discounts, which is primarily cash discount. If they get 2 percent discount they pass on 11/2 percent to the retailer, which obviously explains the deep discount. Many a times some wholesaler go to the extent of selling even below the cost price, they discount the schemes and packing material cost, which is the precise deep discount which in whole parlance is also known as undercutting. Many company personnel are baffled by this phenomenon. {draw:frame} Merchandising: This aspect of sales promotion is ignored by most companies. But in today’s modern trade context, special sales team is deployed to ensure Merchandising on the shelves. P & G always believe in merchandising their product at prominent and eye catching level. The company used to buy the shelf space for a period of time by paying monthly rental to the shopkeeper. In this manner they established Gillette range against stiff competition from Malhotra blades. Many of the Mega Malls bargain for higher rentals from companies for hiring out their shelf space. In fact some malls collect as much as rent as possible to cover all the overheads in running the establishment. Jo dikta hai woh bikta hai seems to be the philosophy of most street smart sales team. 13. 1 Rural FMCG sales outrun towns FMCG growth (in value terms) in rural markets has far outpaced the sector's growth in urban markets during the first nine months of the current financial year. Though rural markets are growing from a smaller base, the numbers are stark. In the case of chyavanprash, the whole of urban market has shrunk, while the rural market has grown as much as eight per cent. â€Å"This is a new trend. Normally we do not see rural India dominating all categories,† said an FMCG analyst. Successive good monsoons and a corresponding growth in farm income have raised the purchasing power of rural households. This, in turn, has fuelled FMCG sales growth in rural markets. Products that have seen significant growth in rural markets include toothpaste, hair oils and shampoos. Shampoo sales in rural India, for instance, have gone up by 30. 8 per cent compared with just 11 per cent in urban areas. Kunal Motishaw, analyst, Equitymaster, pointed out, â€Å"The rural hinterland is more attractive for FMCG companies compared with tier I and II cities as penetration levels are drastically lower for numerous products, unlike urban markets which are highly saturated. † According to Dabur India CEO Sunil Duggal, while the figures may speak of value growth (because there has been no significant change in prices or the product mix in rural markets), in most cases these are also indications of a growth in volumes. HK Press, executive-director and president, Godrej Consumer Products, said as far as the company's products were concerned, the sales of soaps and hair colors had grown substantially in rural markets in the October-December quarter. 13. 2 The five rupee FMCG lure {draw:frame} The colas may have jettisoned the paanch strategy but a host of branded products are now realizing the importance of being present at the Rs 5 price point. Although brands such as Pepsodent, Maggi, Clinic Plus and Rin have been communicating, through ads, their availability at this price, the phenomenon isn't limited to any specific category: products such as pens, razors, fruit drinks and adhesive tubes too are on the bandwagon, with the price prominently displayed on their packs. A HLL spokesman says the ready availability of the five-rupee coin has been an advantage; but that isn't the only plus. The offerings mirror consumers' buying behavior: many consumers are not so concerned about grammage as much as price, he says. A relatively bigger pack, compared to the Re 1 and Rs 2 ones, also give consumers enough opportunities to try out the brand, says he, while declining to comment about the impact on volumes and margins. Some of the brands that HLL sells for Rs 5 are Pepsodent, Pond's Talc, Pond's Cold Cream, Rin, Taaza, Fair & Lovely, Clinic Plus and Lux. Mr K. Radhakrishnan, Vice-President, FoodWorld Supermarkets, sees growth in the user-base of brands that have introduced such packs. â€Å"Category penetration is the aim. Coke and Pepsi have hugely succeeded in achieving this over the past year,† though much of the gain was lost due to the pesticide issue. The consumer-base for soft drink increased from 160 million in 2002 to 240 million in 2004, a two-year period during which the Rs 5-price point remained in force. The Coca-Cola India President and CEO, Mr. Sanjiv Gupta, says: â€Å"The first half of this year has been good but growth has not been what it was in the same period last year. We continue to make money on Rs 5 pricing but now the quantum of money I make per bottle is squeezed. † And this squeeze, brought about by a two per cent cess and higher input costs, has forced cola companies to hike prices by a rupee each on 200 ml and 300 ml pack sizes. And though the colas no longer sell for Rs 5, they have played a big role in sensitizing the consumer to the price-point, says marketing professional Ms Sangita Joshi, who reckons the Rs 5 packs to play an important role in spurring impulse purchases as well as giving a brand the first-mover advantage in a competitive market. Adds Mr. R. Subramanian, Director of discount chain, Subhiksha: â€Å"The small packs will increase user base and usage occasion and can explode the market. † He makes the point that it's more likely that a customer will guzzle a soft drink three separate times when it costs Rs 5 or Rs 6 a bottle than have a single shot at 600 ml of the cola at Rs 15. According to industry observers, the price point will also help branded FMCG categories which are battling fakes from the unorganized sector. 14. Share of FMCG sector showing a receding trend in Television as well as Press over the past four years: an AdEx India Analysis  · In the year 2003, the FMCG sector had a share of 27% in total print and TV advertising contributing 24760 million out of the total advertising of 90520 million.  · Share of FMCG in total advertising (TV Press) has shrunk by 11 percentage points in the past four years  · Share of FMCG advertising in TV has declined from 57. 6% to 48. 7%, while the same for press has come down from 12. % to 7. 9% during the four year period.  · The share has decreased considerably for major categories like aerated drinks and toilet soaps. It is common knowledge that the advertising pie for press and television has shown a steady increase over the past half a decade. However, the following chart presents certain facts that wo uld be a revelation to quite a few of us. The proportion of ad spends by the FMCG sector has been consistently declining over the past four years. The contribution of FMCGs to total advertising has come down by 11 percentage points during the four-year period. {draw:frame} (Fig. 6 contribution of FMCG) (Source: Adex india) A similar trend was witnessed across both the media – Television and Press. While the contribution of FMCG advertising to total TV spends has diminished from a healthy 57. 6% in 2001 to 48. 7% in 2004 (Till May 15th), the press component of FMCG industry has shrunk from 12. 2% in 2001 to 7. 9% in 2004. {draw:frame} (Fig. 7 source: adex india) {draw:frame} (Fig. 8 source: adex india) LOne crucial point to be noted is that although the total ad spends incurred by the FMCG sector have gone up, it has still not been able to match the pace with which the total pie has grown. One important reason for this is the ever increasing ad spends by new-economy sectors like services, lectronics and automotives, a phenomenon that we would study in detail in the forthcoming special newsletters from AdEx India {draw:frame} (Fig. 9 source: adex india) Now, let us have a closer look by splitting up the various categories within the FMCG sector. The category within the FMCG sector that has pulled down the total share the most has clearly been Food and beverages. The category that used to account for a chunk of TV & press advertising at 45. 5% in 2001 now accounts for 42. 6% while â€Å"Others† mentioned in the above chart has also gone down from 6. 7% in 2001 to 4. 1% now. This category of â€Å"others† consists of such advertisers as tobacco, liquor, OTC products, etc. The â€Å"Personal care† segment was also showing a receding trend from 2001 to 2003, but it has improved during the first five months of 2004, a trend which may well not continue till year-end. {draw:frame} (Fig. 10 source: adex india) Now, let us look at one major sub-category from each of the main FMCG categories – F, Home care & Personal care. The following chart shows some of the traditional advertising heavyweights in the FMCG sector whose share has shrunk as a percentage of total spends over the past four years. The chart shown above throws up certain interesting numbers, especially in relation to aerated drinks advertising. While the popular perception would be that the cola giants have upped their spends in the recent years, the numbers suggest that their advertising has not grown as fast as some of the other advertisers. The â€Å"Oral care† segment comprising of advertisers like toothbrush, toothpaste, mouthwash, etc has also declined considerably from a proportion of 7. 6% in 2001 to 6. 1% in 2004 (up to May). Similarly, Toilet soaps and face wash advertisers also been contributing progressively lesser to the total advertising in recent times, with the proportion going down to a level of 7. 8% in 2003 as compared to 10% in 2001. Finally, to reiterate the main point, it is possible that total spends for a certain category might have gone up over the four year period. But a decreasing share in spite of increasing spends reflects the fact that the category hasn’t grown as fast as some of the other heavy-spending categories. The forthcoming special newsletter from AdEx India would attempt to throw some light on some of these booming categories. 15. Company experiences in Going Rural According to a study by the National Council for Applied Economic Research 16. Rural Vs Urban Consumers – Challenges Conclusion After analyzing the various data I have reached to a conclusion that HUL’s products are most known and popular brand in context of home FMCG products in rural market followed by Dabur, ITC and P. Because of huge product line, cheaper cost and brand loyalty, good publicity and advertisement, the rural consumers generally prefers the products of HUL in all segments. Except it, people prefer for good quality and comparatively low price of products. Recommendation The rural market is very large compared to urban market as well it is more challenging market. The consumer wants those products which are long lasting, good, easy to use and cheaper. The income level of rural consumer is not as high as income level of urban consumer’s that’s why they want low priced products. So, we can say that that’s the reason why sell of sachet is more in rural area in all segments. Its necessary for all major FMCG companies to provide those products which are easy to available and affordable to consumers. It is right that the profit margin is very low in FMCG products, but at the same time market size is quite larger in the rural area. The companies can reduce their prices by cutting down the cost on packing. Application of 4A* is also a major task for all the big players in this segment. 19. Bibliography For my Report on â€Å"Growth of FMCG products in rural market† I have referred to the following sites – Websites (Search engines) www. assocham. org www. equitymaster. com www. exchange4media. com www. wikipedia. com www. business-standard. com www. thehindustanbusinessline. com www. economictimes. com www. google. com www. marketerstoday. com www. ncaer. com www. statisticaloutlineofindia. com 20. Declaration I, hereby declare that the Report titled â€Å"Growth of FMCG products in Rural market† is original to the best of my knowledge & has not been published elsewhere. This is for the purpose of partial fulfillment of Dehradun University for the award of degree of the Master of Business Administration. (Vrushali Awachar) En. No. 09BS0000502 1st Semester IBS, Nagpur 21. Annexure Rural and Urban potential (table 1. Rural and urban population) (Source: Statistical Outline of India (2001-2002) NCAER {draw:frame} (Fig. 2 Labor cost comparison) (Source: www. equitymaster. com) THE TOP 10 COMPANIES IN FMCG SECTOR (table 3: top 10 co. ’s) Source: Naukrihub. com (Table 4 % Distribution) (Source : NCAER). Distribution of people income-wise (Table 5. ) (Source:NCAER) Contribution to press and ad {draw:frame} Contribution to total ad {draw:frame} {draw:frame}